PISA (mitral regurgitation)

Flow = 2πr²×Va×(angle/180). EROA = Flow / MR Vmax. RVol = EROA × MR VTI.

Inputs

PISA radius

Aliasing velocity (Va)

cm/s

Convergence angle

degrees

MR peak velocity (Vmax)

m/s

MR VTI

Tips: Use the same beat (or average beats) for radius/Va and MR CW. Be careful with eccentric jets, multiple jets, and noncircular orifices.

PISA flow rate

Flow = 2πr²×Va. Default assumes a full hemisphere (180°).

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EROA

EROA = Flow / MR Vmax (Vmax converted to cm/s)

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Regurgitant volume

RVol = EROA × MR VTI

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MR grading is integrative (vena contracta, pulmonary vein flow, chamber remodeling, jet features, etc.). Use your lab’s guideline set.